Journal: Neuroreport

Article Title: Glutaredoxin-1 attenuates transactive response DNA-binding protein 43–induced neurotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 aggregation

doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000002266

Figure Lengend Snippet: Endogenous Grx1 is upregulated in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. (a) Validation of TDP-43 overexpression in N2a-hTDP-43 cells; 48 h post-transfection as indicated, TDP-43 was visualized with a TDP-43–specific antibody. Yellow arrows indicate cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates. (b, c) Intracellular ROS levels are increased in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. Intracellular ROS levels were measured using CellROX Deep Red and normalized to corresponding cell numbers ( n = 3, unpaired t test). (d, e) Validation of Grx1 antibody specificity. N2a cells were transfected with 20 nM Grx1-specific siRNA (siGrx1) or control siRNA (siCon). Endogenous Grx1 levels were normalized to corresponding cell numbers ( n = 3, unpaired t test). (f, g) Endogenous Grx1 levels are increased in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. Each level was normalized to the corresponding cell number and presented as a relative fold change to control ( n = 3, unpaired t test). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 25 µm. Grx1, glutaredoxin-1; N2a-hTDP-43, neuro-2a cells expressing human wild-type TDP-43; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TDP-43, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43.

Article Snippet: N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (CCL-131, ATCC, Manassas, Virginia, USA) were plated at a density of 2 × 10 5 cells/ml and grown in DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) at 37 °C, in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Over Expression, Transfection, Control, Staining, Expressing, Binding Assay

Journal: Neuroreport

Article Title: Glutaredoxin-1 attenuates transactive response DNA-binding protein 43–induced neurotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 aggregation

doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000002266

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increasing Grx1 decreases oxidative stress in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. (a, b) Validation of Grx1 overexpression in N2a-hTDP-43 cells; 48 h post-transfection as indicated, cells were simultaneously stained for TDP-43 (red) and Myc-tagged Grx1 (green) ( n = 3, one-way ANOVA). (c, d) Grx1 overexpression suppresses decreases ROS levels in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. Scale bars correspond to 25 µm. Each level was normalized to the corresponding cell number and presented as a relative fold change to control ( n = 3, one-way ANOVA). ANOVA, analysis of variance; Grx1, glutaredoxin-1; N2a-hTDP-43, neuro-2a cells expressing human wild-type TDP-43; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TDP-43, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43.

Article Snippet: N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (CCL-131, ATCC, Manassas, Virginia, USA) were plated at a density of 2 × 10 5 cells/ml and grown in DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) at 37 °C, in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Over Expression, Transfection, Staining, Control, Expressing, Binding Assay

Journal: Neuroreport

Article Title: Glutaredoxin-1 attenuates transactive response DNA-binding protein 43–induced neurotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 aggregation

doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000002266

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increasing Grx1 prevents TDP-43 aggregation in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. (a, b) Overexpressing Grx1 significantly reduces cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. N2a cells were stained for TDP-43 (red) and DAPI (blue). Cells with cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates (yellow arrows) were presented as a percentage of cells ( n = 3, one-way ANOVA). Scale bars correspond to 25 µm. (c, d) Overexpressing Grx1 decreases total TDP-43 levels in N2a-hTDP-43 cells; 48 h post-transfection as indicated, total proteins were extracted using SDS-containing RIPA lysis buffer. TDP-43 protein levels were normalized to corresponding GAPDH levels ( n = 3, one-way ANOVA). (e–g) Overexpressing Grx1 decreases both soluble and insoluble TDP-43 levels in N2a-hTDP-43 cells. TDP-43 protein levels were assessed by western blot in Triton X-100 soluble (f) and insoluble fractions (g) and normalized to corresponding GAPDH and Ponceau S levels, respectively ( n = 3, one-way ANOVA). ANOVA, analysis of variance; Grx1, glutaredoxin-1; N2a-hTDP-43, neuro-2a cells expressing human wild-type TDP-43; TDP-43, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43.

Article Snippet: N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (CCL-131, ATCC, Manassas, Virginia, USA) were plated at a density of 2 × 10 5 cells/ml and grown in DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) at 37 °C, in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Staining, Transfection, Lysis, Western Blot, Expressing, Binding Assay

Journal: Neuroreport

Article Title: Glutaredoxin-1 attenuates transactive response DNA-binding protein 43–induced neurotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 aggregation

doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000002266

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increasing Grx1 attenuates neurotoxicity in N2a cells overexpressing hTDP-43; 48 h post-transfection as indicated, N2a cells were stained with cleaved caspase-3–specific antibody and DAPI (blue) (a). Scale bars correspond to 25 µm. Each level was normalized to the corresponding cell number and presented as a percentage of cells with cleaved caspase-3 signal (b) ( n = 3, one-way ANOVA). ANOVA, analysis of variance; Grx1, glutaredoxin-1; N2a, neuro-2a; TDP-43, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43

Article Snippet: N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (CCL-131, ATCC, Manassas, Virginia, USA) were plated at a density of 2 × 10 5 cells/ml and grown in DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) at 37 °C, in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Transfection, Staining, Binding Assay